Guinevere

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Guinevere was the legendary queen consort of King Arthur. The name Guinevere may be an epithet – the Welsh language form Gwenhwyfar can be translated as The White Fay or White Ghost (Proto-Celtic language *Uindā Seibrā, "white phantom" or "white fairy"; Brythonic language *vino-hibirā; see also Ishara). Additionally, the name may derive from "Gwenhwy-mawr" or Gwenhwy the Great, contrasting the character to "Gwenhwy-fach" or Gwenhwy the less; Gwenhwyfach appears in Welsh literature as a sister of Gwenhwyfar, but in her scholarly edition of the Welsh Triads, Rachel Bromwich suggests this is a less likely etymology. Geoffrey of Monmouth renders her name Guanhumara in Latin.

Guinevere is most famous for her love affair with Arthur's chief knight Lancelot, which first appears in Chrétien de Troyes' Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart. This motif was picked up in all the cyclical Arthurian literature, starting with the Lancelot-Grail Cycle of the early 13th century and carrying through the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Their betrayal of Arthur leads to the downfall of the kingdom.

Guinevere's character

In some adaptations, she is the daughter of King Leodegrance and is betrothed to Arthur early in his career, while he is garnering support. When Lancelot arrives later, she is instantly smitten, and they soon consummate the adultery that will bring about Arthur's fall. However, Arthur is not aware of their romance for quite a while, until at a feast when he realizes that neither Lancelot or Guinevere is there. Their affair is exposed by two of King Lot's sons, Agravain and Mordred, and Lancelot flees for his life while Arthur reluctantly sentences his queen to burn at the stake. Knowing Lancelot and his family will try to stop the execution, Arthur sends many of his knights to defend the pyre, though Gawain refuses to participate. Lancelot arrives and rescues the queen, and in the course of the battle Gawain's brothers Gaheris and Gareth are killed, sending Gawain into a rage so great that he pressures Arthur into war with Lancelot. When Arthur goes to France to fight Lancelot, he leaves Guinevere in the care of Mordred, who plots to marry the queen himself and take Arthur's throne. In some versions Guinevere assents to Mordred's proposal, but in others, she hides in the Tower of London and then takes refuge in a convent. Hearing of the treachery, Arthur returns to Britain and slays Mordred at Camlann, but his wounds are so severe that he is taken to the isle of Avalon. Guinevere meets Lancelot one last time, then returns to the convent where she spends the remainder of her life.

Guinevere is childless in most stories, two exceptions being the Perlesvaus and the Alliterative Morte Arthure. In the former, the character Loholt is apparently her son; he appears as Arthur's illegitimate son in other works. In the latter, Guinevere willingly becomes Mordred's consort and bears him two sons, though all of this is implied rather than stated in the text. There are mentions of Arthur's sons in the Welsh Triads, though their exact parentage isn't clear. Other family relations are equally obscure; a half-sister and a brother play the antagonists in the Lancelot-Grail and the German romance Diu Crône respectively, but neither character is mentioned elsewhere. Welsh tradition remembers the queen's sister Gwenhyvach and records the enmity between them. While later literature almost always names Leodegrance as Guinevere's father, her mother is usually unmentioned, though she is sometimes said to be dead. Such is the case in the Middle English romance The Awntyrs off Arthure (The Adventures of Arthur), in which the ghost of Guinevere's mother appears to her daughter and Gawain in Inglewood Forest. Other works name cousins of note, though these do not usually appear in more than one place.

Guinevere has been portrayed as everything from a weak and opportunistic traitor to a fatally flawed but noble and virtuous gentlewoman. In Chrétien's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, she is praised for her intelligence, friendliness, and gentility, while in Marie de France's Lanval (and Thomas Chestre's Middle English version, Sir Launfal), she is a vindictive slut, disliked by the protagonist and all well-bred knights. The early chronicles tend to portray her more inauspiciously, while later authors used her good and bad qualities to construct a deeper character.

Abduction of Guinevere , 1900The earliest mention of Guinevere is in the Welsh tale Culhwch ap Olwen, where she appears as Arthur's queen, but little more is said about her. Caradoc of Llancarfan, who wrote his Gildas before 1136, recounts how she was kidnapped by Melwas, king of the "Summer Country" (Aestiva Regio, perhaps meaning Somerset), and held prisoner at his stronghold at Glastonbury. The story states that Arthur spent a year searching for her, found her, and had assembled an army to storm Melwas' fort when Saint Gildas negotiated a peaceful resolution and reunited husband and wife. This is the earliest written account of Guinevere's abduction, one of the earliest and most common episodes in Arthurian legend. A seemingly related account appears carved into the archivolt of Modena Cathedral in Italy, which probably predates Caradog's telling. Here, "Artus de Bretania" and Isdernus approach a tower in which "Mardoc" is holding "Winlogee", while on the other side Carrado (probably Carados) fights Galvagin (Gawain) while the knights Galvariun and Che (Sir Kay) approach. "Isdernus" is most certainly some incarnation of Yder, a Celtic hero whose name appears in Culhwch and Olwen, and who was Guinevere's lover in a nearly-forgotten tradition mentioned in Beroul's Tristan and reflected in the later Roman de Yder. The Welsh literature poet Dafydd ap Gwilym alludes to Guinevere's abduction in two of his poems, and the medievalist Roger Sherman Loomis suggested that this tale shows that "she had inherited the role of a Celtic Persephone".

Geoffrey of Monmouth tells a different version of Guinevere's abduction, adding that she was descended from a noble Roman Empire family and was the ward of Cador, Duke of Cornwall. Arthur leaves her in the care of his nephew Mordred while he crosses over to Europe to go to war with the (fictitious) Roman Empire Procurator Lucius Hiberius. While he is absent, Mordred seduces Guinevere, declares himself king and takes her as his own queen; consequently, Arthur returns to Britain and fights Mordred at the fatal Battle of Camlann.

Chrétien de Troyes tells yet another version of Guinevere's abduction, this time by Meleagant (whose name is possibly derived from Melwas) in Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart. The abduction sequence is largely a reworking of that recorded in Caradoc's work, but here the queen's rescuer is not Arthur (or Yder) but Lancelot, whose adultery with the queen is dealt with for the first time in this poem. It has been suggested that Chrétien invented their affair to supply Guinevere with a courtly extra-marital lover. Mordred could not be used, as his reputation was beyond saving, and Yder had been forgotten entirely.

In the German tale Diu Crône, Guinevere's brother Gotegrim kidnaps her and intends to kill her for refusing to marry Gasozein, who claims to be her rightful husband. In Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's Lanzelet, Valerin, King of the Tangled Wood, claims the right to marry her and carries her off to his castle in a struggle for power that reminds scholars of her prescient connections to the fertility and sovereignty of Britain. Arthur's company save her, but Valerin kidnaps her again and places her in a magical sleep inside another castle surrounded by snakes, where only the powerful Magician (fantasy) Malduc can rescue her. All of these similar tales of abduction by another suitor – and this allegory includes Lancelot, who whisks her away when she is condemned to burn at the stake for their adultery – are demonstrative of a recurring Hades-snatches-Persephone theme, positing that Guinevere is like the otherworld bride Étaín, who Midir, king of the Underworld, carries off from her earthly life after she has forgotten her past.

In current pop culture Motion pictures

The 2007 film Shrek the Third portrays Guinevere as a snobbish, rich, pretty classmate of Arthur Pendragon (Shrek), the counterpart of King Arthur, named Gwen. She looks down on the wimpy Artie, and scoffs at his declaration of love.
King Arthur (film), the 2004 movie featured Guinevere as a Celtic List of woman warriors in folklore, literature and popular culture, played by Keira Knightley, who becomes Arthur's consort after he rescues her from imprisonment.
Guinevere (1999 film) is a 1999 motion picture which had nothing to do with King Arthur.
First Knight is a 1995 movie featuring Sean Connery as King Arthur, Julia Ormond as Guinevere, and Richard Gere as Lancelot.
Guinevere (1994 film) is also the name of a 1994 television movie which centres the storytelling of the Arthurian legend around the title character. Guinevere grows up with Lancelot, an orphan, as a Pagan under the tutelage of Morgan Le Fey, who holds a grudge against King Uther and his son, Arthur due to Uther's murder of her father and seizure of her mother.
Excalibur (film), a 1981 film adaptation of Arthurian myth, where Guinevere is played by Cherie Lunghi, Lancelot by Nicholas Clay, and Arthur by Nigel Terry. It reincarnates many of the character depictions and plot twists included in Sir Thomas Malory's complete works on the Arthurian Legends, often collectively referred to as Le Morte D'Arthure.
Camelot (film), this 1967 film is based upon the 1960 musical by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. It starred Richard Harris (actor) as Arthur and Vanessa Redgrave as Guinevere.
Lancelot du Lac (film), 1974 French film by Robert Bresson starring Laura Duke Condominas as Guinevere.
1963 marked the release of Lancelot and Guinevere, also known as the Sword of Lancelot, starring Cornel Wilde as Lancelot, Jean Wallace as Guinevere, and Brian Aherne as Arthur.
In the 1953 film Knights of the Round Table (film), Lancelot (Robert Taylor (actor)) and Guinevere's (Ava Gardner) affair is limited to a kiss.

Musicals

Camelot (musical)
In Spamalot, Guinevere and the Lady of the Lake are the same character; her traditional affair with Lancelot is absent, as he is revealed to be a homosexual in the "His Name is Lancelot" number.

Novels

The Avalon Series by Marion Zimmer Bradley portrays Guinevere as a fanatically Christian princess desperate for an heir to succeed Arthur. She is seen to have a declining romance with Lancelot although they do have feelings for each other. Arthur then becomes aware of their feelings and invites them both into his bed on the night of Beltane while apparently drunk.
The Guinevere Trilogy by Persia Woolley includes Child of the Northern Spring, Queen of the Summer Stars, and Guinevere: the Legend in Autumn.
Rosalind Miles's trilogy includes Guinevere: Queen of the Summer Country, Knight of the Sacred Lake, and The Child of the Holy Grail.
Sharan Newman's trilogy includes Guinevere, The Chessboard Queen, and Guinevere Evermore.
Nancy MacKenzie has written Queen of Camelot, a compilation of two earlier books, The Child Queen and The High Queen.
Marvin Borrower's The Queen's Knight centers on the relationship between Lancelot and Guinevere.
Alice Borchardt has written two novels on Guinevere - The Dragon Queen and The Raven Warrior.
Lancelot du Lethe by Robert King features a Lancelot who secretly marries Guinevere while she is betrothed to Arthur.
Avalon High by Meg Cabot, in this young adult novel Meg Cabot portrays the character of Guinevere as a teenager. She is the reincarnation of the medieval queen.
In The Last Enchantment, the third of Mary Stewart's Merlin series, Arthur marries two women named Guinevere. The first dies in childbirth. The second Guinevere fills the traditional Guinevere legends, being abducted and rescued by Arthur's best friend, and eventually falling in love with him. Stewart provides a twist in that Arthur, out of love for his wife and his friend, does not denounce them.
Bernard Cornwell's Arthurian series, The Warlord Chronicles, depicts Guenevere as a clever, capable and ambitious woman whose infidelity is a direct consequence of Arthur's own desire for peaceful obscurity rather than kingship.

Television

The children's television show Guinevere Jones revolves around the adventures of a girl who finds that she is the reincarnation of the Guinevere of legend.
The Legend of Prince Valiant, an animated adventure series that aired in the early 1990s, included Guinevere among its cast of characters.
In Mists of Avalon, a TNT mini-series based on the novel by Marion Zimmer Bradley, Guinevere is depicted as a Christian princess who believes that only by fully converting Britain to Christianity can peace be attained. The affair with Lancelot is consummated during a ménage à trois with Arthur, who instigates the act as a potential solution to the royal couple's inability to conceive an heir. Guinevere later regrets this, and sees the strife in the kingdom as God's punishment for what they have done.
Guinevere is a major character in the animated series King Arthur's Disasters.

Music

Guinevere, a song written by Donovan, on his third album released in 1966, Sunshine Superman (1966 album), reinforcing Donovan's fascination with medieval thematics in music. It is an observation of the state of the royal court of Arthur, with Guinevere "draped in white velvet, silk and lace."
Guinnevere, a song written by David Crosby of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young), on their self-titled 1969 debut album, describes her as a woman with green eyes, golden hair, and possibly hidden Paganism beliefs. The Crosby song was subsequently covered by Miles Davis as an instrumental, and can be found on The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions.
Guinevere, a song written by Edwin Mccain, describes the forbidden love of Lancelot and Queen Guinevere.

After all the corridors are darkened, When the royal crown is off your head, To your chambers I will creep not a word we will speak, Just love me while the fire light dances ’round the bed.

Track 3 on Rick Wakeman's 1975 Progressive Rock concept album The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table is entitled "Guinevere" and is based on the queen's affair with Lancelot.